The effect of naproxen and titanium dioxide on zebrafish immunity level as a laboratory model

Abstract

Introduction: The objective of this study was to examine how titanium dioxide and
naproxen drugs impact the immune system level of zebrafish larvae, particularly focusing on
changes in enzymes.
Materials & Methods: Seven groups including groups of titanium dioxide, naproxen and a
combination of both were studied for 8 days on zebrafish larvae. Approximately 5,250
zebrafish larvae were transported to the laboratory and housed in pre-filled Petri dishes
containing clean water at a temperature range of 24-26°C.
Results: The lowest amount of glutathione was in the 2T50N group (0.02 mmol/liter) and
then the lowest values in the 2T and 4T groups were the same amount of 0.057 mmol/liter
without any significant difference. (P>0.05) The highest amount of glutathione was found in
the 100N group (0.118 mmol/liter) without significant difference (P>0.05). The superoxide
dismutase gradually increased from the groups with titanium dioxide 2T and 4T (about 24
mmol/liter sample) to its highest value in the 2T50N group at the rate of 31.5 mmol/liter
sample. The amount of malondialdehyde in groups with titanium dioxide including 2T and
2T50N groups reached its lowest value (0.1 mmol/liter sample). The amount of serotonin
decreased significantly in the 50N, 100N and 4T groups.
Conclusion: The results of the research confirmed that high concentrations of titanium
dioxide and naproxen caused the production of higher amounts of ROS, which was able to
affect the antioxidant system by reducing the content of SOD and GSH, which even in high
amounts, oxidative stress overcame the defense system. Oxidative damage occurred that
could increase lipid peroxidation (measured as MDA) and dysfunction of the serotonin
system in groups 50N, 100N and 4T led to the intensification of abnormal movements in
zebrafish larvae.