An Evaluation of Conventional CO₂ Capture Solvents: Absorption Efficiency, Environmental Impacts, and Sustainability

Abstract

Carbon capture from industrial flue gases is an important strategy for reducing CO₂ emissions from large stationary sources. Solvent-based post-combustion capture is widely used because of its high CO₂ removal efficiency and compatibility with existing industrial systems. This paper evaluates conventional solvents, including MEA, DEA, MDEA, piperazine, and potassium carbonate, with emphasis on absorption efficiency, regeneration energy, solvent stability, degradation, corrosion, and environmental impacts. Although conventional amine solvents provide rapid CO₂ absorption, their high energy requirements, solvent degradation, volatility, and environmental concerns limit large-scale application. The study also highlights emerging hybrid and nano-engineered solvents as promising alternatives for improving capture performance and reducing environmental impacts. Overall, improved solvent stability, lower regeneration energy, and better environmental compatibility are essential for developing sustainable CO₂ capture systems.